Criminal liability - The cardinal principle of Criminal liability, is actus non facit reus , nisi sit - An act does not make person legally guilty unless the mine is legally blame worthy. There are two elements of criminal liability.

(a) the outward conduct which must always be proved against the accused ( which is customarily known known as the actus resus).

(b) the state of mind which, apart from exceptional offences, it must be proved that the accused had at time of relevant conduct. (customarily known as the mens rea).